Down Syndrom - 1638 Words

Sharjah American International School Biology Done By: 16-02-2010 Outline: Abstract a) Down syndrome b) Interesting topic c) Understanding why down syndrome occurs Introduction a) Who discovered Down syndrome b) What is Down syndrome Body research A. What Causes it and is it inherited? 1-Trisomy 21 2-Mosaic Down syndrome 3-Translocation Down syndrome B. How Down syndrome affects Kids 1-Physical features 2-Learning C. Risk factors 1-Advancing maternal age 2- Being carriers of the genetic translocation for Down syndrome 3-Having had one child with Down syndrome D. Health Issues 1- Health complications 2-Average life expectancy E. Can Down syndrome be cured?†¦show more content†¦Translocation Down syndrome is the only form of the disorder that can be passed from parent to child. However, only about 4 percent of children with Down syndrome have translocation. And only about half of these cases are inherited from one of the parents. How Down syndrome affects Kids Kids with Down syndrome tend to share certain physical features such as a flat facial profile, an upward slant to the eyes, small ears, and a protruding tongue. Low muscle tone (called hypotonia) is also characteristic of children with DS, and babies in particular may seem especially floppy. Though this can and often does improve over time, most children with DS typically reach developmental milestones — like sitting up, crawling, and walking — later than other kids. At birth, kids with DS are usually of average size, but they tend to grow at a slower rate and remain smaller than their peers. For infants, low muscle tone may contribute to sucking and feeding problems, as well as constipation and other digestive issues. Toddlers and older kids may have delays in speech and self-care skills like feeding, dressing, and toilet teaching. Down syndrome affects kids ability to learn in different ways, but most have mild to moderate intellectual impairment. Kids with DS can and do learn, and are capable of developing skills throughout their lives. They simply reach goals at a different pace — which is why its important not to compare a child with DS against typically developing siblingsShow MoreRelatedReview of Cushing Disease in Canines and Humans1224 Words   |  5 Pagesproduces hormones that are referred to as glucocorticoids. These hormones signal the body to accelerate glucose synthesis and glycogen formation and also cause adipose tissue to release fatty acids into the blood while triggering other tissues to break down fatty acids and proteins. There can also be an anti-inflammatory response which is caused by excess cortisols because it limits the production of white blood cells which is an integral part of the immune system. In a healthy organism, the hypothalamusRead MoreIs Stress Necessary in Our Lives?1290 Words   |  5 Pagescompleted his medical training at the University of Montreal in the 1920’s. Where he then began to propose that stress was a non-specific strain on the body caused by irregularities in normal body functions. Hans called this the â€Å"General Adaptation Syndrom† which took a closer look at general adaptation syndrome and the bodys short-term and long-term reactions to stress. Now as stress is very well known it is often easier to describe the sensors of stress rather than the reasons for it. As technologyRead MoreProblems of Today ´S World1621 Words   |  7 PagesYugoslavia had invested a lot of money. Later it was turned into a religious conflict. He decided to solve the problem with help of his army. Thousands people died or were suffering. Many villages were murdered off and women raped. The conflict was calmed down by the troops of UN and USA. Milosevic escaped but was found and imprisoned. He is blamed for genocide, crimes against humanity, beginning a war conflict, military dictatorship and slaughtering. 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Leukemi The Utmost Common Cancer - 1119 Words

Leukemia is the utmost common cancer in children and teens. According to statics leukemia accounts for almost 1 in 3 cancers in children. (What are the key statistics for childhood leukemia? (2015, April 17). Even so, childhood leukemia is an erratic illness. Most leukemia in children are considered acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). The remaining cases are considered myeloid leukemia (AML). Leukemia is a cancer that originates in early blood forming cells that are found in the bone marrow. Cells in any part of the body can become cancerous. The types of cancers that develop in children are often different then those formed in adults. A child with cancer is often the result of changes within their DNA, which occurs before birth or early†¦show more content†¦According to Greaves, M. childhood leukemia relates to the pathology, the common symptoms being paleness (anemia), bleeding tendency, fatigue, aches and pains with unexplained fevers. Greaves, M. (2008). White blood perso nal journeys with childhood leukemia. (page 34) Singapore: World Scientific. There have been epidemiologic studies of acute leukemia risk factors that may cause leukemia in children such as environmental, genetics and infectious in order to determine the cause of the disease. According to Belson M., Kingsley B. and Holmes A. there has only been one environmental risk factor (ionizing radiation) has been linked to acute lymphocytic leukemia or myeloid leukemia. Belson, M., Kingsley, B., Holmes, A. (2007). Risk factors for acute leukemia in children: A review. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(1), 138-45. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/222648934?accountid=8580. Ionizing radiation is radiation consisting of x-rays or gamma rays with ample energy to cause ionization, which is energy needed to remove the furthest electron from a neutral atom. The level of the risk of ionizing radiation varies on the dose of radiation, the extent of exposure and the age of the ch ild during the time of exposer. A child who suffers from leukemia due to ionizing radiation was potentially effected during preconception, pregnancy or during the postnatal period. Speculations have risen on whether

Wealth In The Great Gatsby Essay Example For Students

Wealth In The Great Gatsby Essay Why did Daisy choose Tom in the end In the novel The GreatGatsby, Daisy Buchanan was faced with an enormous decision. She had tochoose between Tom; her husband and Jay Gatsby; her lover. Gatsby seemed to bethe ideal man of his time. Fabulously wealthy, handsome, charismatic andintriguing, he seemed to be able to offer everything a woman could want. All hewanted in return was Daisys complete unconditional love. Tom, on the otherhand could offer Daisy money, security and freedom. Ultimately Daisy chose thelatter. The roaring 20s was an era of total decadence. The first World Warhad ended and industry was booming. People were becoming millionaires overnight. There seemed to be no end in sight to the prosperity. Although people werebecoming rich quickly, old money provided more privilege than new money. TomBuchanan came from old money. He was a Westerner who was renowned in college forboth his football skills and his supremely decadent lifestyle. The narratorstates His family were enormously wealthy, even in college his freedomwith money was a matter for reproach-but now hed left Chicago and come Eastin a fashion that rather took your breath away: for instance, he brought down astring of polo ponies from Lake Forest. Daisy chose to marry Tom becauseof his wealth and power. Fitzgerald writes There was a wholesome bulkinessabout his person and his position and Daisy was flattered. He could offerDaisy prestige in addition to all the old money one could dream of. Gatsby hadmade his money by illegal means. He was a nobody from nowhere and although hewas rich beyond belief, he was one of the hundreds of nouveau riche who lackedthe cache of the old money set. Although Gatsby could offer Daisy romance, love,excitement and intrigue, her need for security freedom and money made hereventually choose Tom. In terms of security, Tom could offer much more thanGatsby. Toms old money could offer Daisy prestige and social position whereasGatsbys money was quickly and somewhat questionably earned. Everyoneincluding Daisy realized that it could be just as quickly lost. Tom statesI found out what your drug-stores were. He and this Wolfshiem bought up alot of side-street drug-stores here in Chicago and sold grain alcohol over thecounter . Tom also said That drug-store business was just smallchange but youve got something on now that Walters afraid to tell meabout. This proves that Gatsbys money was achieved through corruptmeans and his lack of position would leave him vulnerable to prosecution if hewere to be caught. On the other hand, Daisy and Toms elite position insociety enabled them to get away with murder. They were able to moveawa y and start anew after hitting Myrtle in the car. Due to the wealth and powerof Tom and Daisy, they were able to live with a substantial amount of freedom. They were able to tear apart the lives of people and move on without as much asa backward glance. Nicks judgment of them was They were carelesspeople, Tom and Daisy-they smashed up things and creatures and then retreatedback into their money or their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that keptthem together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made.Daisys selection of Tom over Gatsby afforded a somewhat unorthodox freedom. Tom had many mistresses but always returned to Daisy. He said Once in awhile I go off and make a fool of myself, but I always come back, and in myheart I love her all the time. Daisy also loved the luxury of having botha husband and a lover but Gatsby would not allow it. He wanted all of her andshe could not give that to him. She said Oh, you want too much. I love younow- isnt that enough. Although Gatsby could have offered Daisy avariety of things such as romance, love and excitement, she ultimately chose Tombecause of her selfishness. She grew up with old money, security and freedom andwas not willing to give it all up for love. I believe that the author chose thename Daisy because Daisy in Latin means the days eye or the sun andeverything revolves around the sun. Daisy does not care about anyone else andshe believes that everything revolves around her! The Great Gatsby The GreatGatsby, a novel by F. Scott Fitsgerald, is about the American Dream, and thedownfall of those who attemp t to reach its imaginative goals. The attempt tocapture the American Dream is common in many novels. This dream is different forfidderent people, but in The Great Gatsby, for Jay, the dream is that throughwealth and power, one can acquire happiness. To get this happiness Jay mustreach into the past and relive an old dream and in order to do this he must havewealth and power. Jay Gatsby, the main character of the story , is a characterwho longs for the past. Suprisingly he devotes most of his adult life trying torecapture it and, finally, dies in its pursuit. In the past, Jay had a loveaffair with the extravagant Daisy. Knowing he could not marry her because of thedifference in their social status, he leaves her to obtain wealth to reach herhigh standards. Once he acquires this wealth, he moves near to Daisy,Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be just across the bay,and throws extravagant parties, happen,he asks around casually if anyone knowsher. Soon he meet Nick Carraway, a cousin of Daisy, who agrees to set up ameeting, He wants to know if youll invite Daisy, who agrees to set upa meeting, He wants to knowif youll invite Daisy to your house someafternoon and then let him come over. Gatsbys personal dream symbolizesthe larger American Dream where all have the opportunity to get what they want. Later, as we see in the Plaza Hotel, Jay still believes that Daisy loves him. Heis convinced of this as is shown when he takes the blame for Myrtles death. Was Daisy driving? Yesbut of course Ill say I was.He also watches and protects Daisy as she returns home. How long are yougoing to wait? All night if necessary. Jay cannot accept thatthe past is gone and done with. Jay is sure that he can capture his dream withwealth and influence. He believes that he acted for a good beyond his personalinterest and that should guarantee success. Nick attempts to show Jay the follyof his dream, but Jay innocently replies to Nicks assertion that the pastcannot be relived by saying Yes you can, old sport. This shows theconfidence that Jay has in fulfilling his American Dream. For Jay, his AmericanDream is not material possessions, although it may seem that way. He only comesinto riches so that he can fulfill his true American Dream, Daisy. Gatsbydoesnt rest until his American Dream is finally fulfilled. However, it nevercomes about and he ends up paying the ultimate pirce for it. The idea of theAmerican Dream still holds true in todays time , be it wea lth, love, or fame. But one thing never changes about the American Dream; everyone desires somethingin life, and everyone, somehow, strives to get it. Gatsby is a prime example ofpursuing the American Dream. Symbolism in the Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby, byF. Scott Fitzgerald, is a novel about one mans disenchantment with the Americandream. In the story we get a glimpse into the life of Jay Gatsby, a man whoaspired to achieve a position among the American rich to win the heart of histrue love, Daisy Fay. Gatsbys downfall was in the fact that he was unable todetermine that concealed boundary between reality and illusion in his life. TheGreat Gatsby is a tightly structured, symbolically compressed novel whosepredominant images and symbols reinforce the idea that Gatsbys dream exists onborrowed time. Fitzgerald perfectly understood the inadequacy of Gatsbysromantic view of wealth. At a young age he met and fell in love with GinevraKing, a Chicago girl who enjoyed the wealth and social position to whichFit zgerald was always drawn. After being rejected by Ginevra because of hislower social standing, Fitzgerald came away with a sense of social inadequacy, adeep hurt, and a longing for the girl beyond attainment. This disappointmentgrew into distrust and envy of the American rich and their lifestyle. Thesepersonal feelings are expressed in Gatsby. The rich symbolize the failure of acivilization and the way of life and this flaw becomes apparent in thecharacters of Tom and Daisy Buchanan. Nick Carraway, the narrator of the story,quickly became disillusioned with the upper social class after having dinner attheir home on the fashionable East Egg Island. Nick is forced unwillinglyto observe the violent contrast between their opportunities- what is implied bythe gracious surface of their existence- and the seamy underside which is itsreality (Way 93). In the Buchanans, and in Nicks reaction to them,Fitzgerald shows us how completely the American upper class has failed to becomean aristocrac y. The Buchanans represent cowardice, corruption, and the demise ofGatsbys dream Gatsby, unlike Fitzgerald himself, never discovers how he hasbeen betrayed by the class he has idealized for so long. For Gatsby, the failureof the rich has disastrous consequences. Gatsbys desire to achieve his dreamleads him to West Egg Island. He purchased a mansion across the bay from Daisyshome. There is a green light at the end of Daisys dock that is visible at nightfrom the windows and lawn of Gatsbys house. This green light is one of thecentral symbols of the novel. In chapter one, Nick observes Gatsby in the darkas he looks longingly across the bay with arms stretched outward toward thegreen light. It becomes apparent, as the story progresses that the wholebeing of Gatsby exists only in relation to what the green light symbolizes Thisfirst sight, that we have of Gatsby, is a ritualistic tableau that literallycontains the meaning of the completed book (Bewley 41). A broaderdefinition of the gree n lights significance is revealed in Chapter 5, as Gatsbyand Daisy stand at one of the windows in his mansion. If it wasnt for themist we could see your home across the bay, said Gatsby. You alwayshave a green light that burns all night at the end of your dock.Daisy put her arm through his abruptly, but he seemed absorbed in what hehad just said. Possibly it had occurred to him that the colossal significance ofthat light had vanished forever. Compared to the great distance that hadseparated him from Daisy it has seemed very near to her, almost touching her. Ithad seemed so close as a star to the moon. Now it was again a green light on adock. His count of enchanted objects has diminished by one (Fitzgerald94). Gatsby had believed in the green light, it made his dream seem attainable. True Brand Loyalty EssayC. T.J. Eckelbergs eyes are God-like symbol. IV. America the continent of lostinnocence and illusions. A. Gatsbys experience compared to Dutch sailors. B. Gatsbys tragedy was triviality of Daisy. Conclusion: Symbolism and artistrypaint a vivid picture of a dream destined to fail. Works Cited Bewley, Marius. Scott Fitzgerald and the Collapse of the American Dream. ModernCritical Views F. Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 1985. p. 41. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribners Sons. 1925 Lehan, Richard D. The Great Gatsby. F. Scott Fitzgerald and theCraft of Fiction. Chicago: Southern Illinois University Press. 1966. p. 121. Way, Brian. The Great Gatsby. Modern Critical Interpretations F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 1986. p. 93. The Great Gatsby Pursuit of the American Dream The Great Gatsby, anovel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is about the American Dream, and the downfall ofthose who attempt to reach its illusionary goals. F. Scott Fitzgerald was bornin St. Paul, Minnesota in 1896. He was a student of St. Paul Academy, the NewmanSchool, and attended Princeton for a short while. In 1917 he joined the army andwas posted in Montgomery, Alabama. This is where he would meet his future wifeZelda Sayre. Fitzgeralds first novel, This Side of Paradise, was published andbecame a bestseller, which gave him enough money to get married. He waspublished at the age of only twenty-three and was regarded as the Speakerfor the Jazz Age. Fitzgerald seemed to write his books, not for theenjoyment of writing alone, but for the wealth that cam with it. However, eventhough things seemed more than satisfactory at the time, things would seem totake a turn for the worse. Zeldas schizophrenia and Fitzgeralds drinkingproblem led Fi tzgerald to rely mostly on his short stories for income. Slowlythey started to lose their appeal as well. Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald ended updying in Hollywood on December 21, 1940. But even after his death, his bookswould remain everlasting classics in the eyes of the reading world. Many novelsare centered around the attempt to capture the American Dream. This dream isdifferent for different people, but in The Great Gatsby, for Jay, the dream isthat through wealth and power, one can acquire happiness. To get this happinessJay must reach into the past and relive an old dream and in order to do this, itseems that he must have wealth and power. Jay Gatsby, the central figure of thestory, is one character who longs for the past. Surprisingly he devotes most ofhis adult life trying to recapture it and, finally, dies in its pursuit. In thepast, Jay had a love affair with the affluent Daisy. Knowing he could not marryher because of the difference in their social status, he leaves her to amasswealth to reach her economic standards. Once he acquires this wealth, he movesnear to Daisy, and throws extravagant parties, hoping by chance that she mightshow up at one of them. He, himself, does not attend his parties but watchesthem from a distance. When this dream doesnt happen, he asks around casually ifanyone knows her. Soon he meets Nick Carraway, a cousin of Daisy, who agrees toset up a meeting, He wants to knowif youll invite Daisy to your housesome afternoon and then let him come over (page 83). Gatsbys personaldream symbolizes the larger American Dream where all have the opportunity to getwhat they want. Later, as we see in the Plaza Hotel, Jay still believes thatDaisy loves him. He is convinced of this as is shown when he takes the blame forMyrtles death. Was Daisy driving? Yesbut of course Illsay I was. (p. 151) He also watches and protects Daisy as she returnshome. How long are you going to wait? All night ifnecessary. (p. 152) Jay cannot accept that the past is gone and done with. Jay is sure that he can capture his dream with wealth and influence. He believesthat he acted for a good beyond his personal interest and that should guaranteesuccess. Nick attempts to show Jay the foolishness of his dream, but Jayinnocently replies to Nicks claim that the past cannot be relived by saying,Yes you can, old sport. This shows the confidence that Jay has infulfilling his American Dream. For Jay, his American Dream is not materialpossessions, although it may seem that way. He only comes into riches so that hecan fulfill his true American Dream, Daisy. Gatsby doesnt rest until hisAmerican Dream is finally fulfilled. However, it never comes about and he endsup paying the ultimate price for it. The idea of the American Dream still holdstrue in todays time, be it wealth, love, or fame. But one thing never changesabout the American Dream; everyone desires something in life, and everyone,somehow, strives to get it. Gatsby is a prime example of pursuing the AmericanDream. This b ook seemed to ignite many, many thoughts in my mind that pertainedto the many points presented in this story. The basis of my report, which is thepursuit of happiness, and mainly the American Dream, has always been present inthe lives of all things living. The feeling of want for something better thanwhat we already have is the foundation of improvement in our world today. Anyonewho has ever thought that they deserved a promotion or anyone who has everbought a lottery ticket, has inevitably, at one point in their lives, thoughtabout something better for themselves. If they hadnt, then they would not havetried to obtain the new corner office space or win that million-dollar prize. Inessence, this novel depicts one mans journey through life, and once it is overwith, his want for his youth to return to him. I enjoyed this book immensely,because Fitzgerald drew me into the story with every descriptive word, and madeit so that I was, in some way, able to relate and connect with each char acter. Fitzgerald has truly displayed the fact that, even though you may want it sobadly, dreams are made and broken every day.

The Thematic Paradigm free essay sample

Robert B. Ray states in his article â€Å"The Thematic Paradigm† that in American cinema there are two main hero types used; the official hero and the outlaw hero. The two have the same general moral set, the idea of right defeating wrong, but otherwise they are each other’s opposite. The first hero is the â€Å"outlaw hero. † The name gives away much of what this hero is about. The outlaw is sort of the â€Å"bad-boy† of the film. They are portrayed as adventurers, cowboys, the vigilante types. Featured mainly in action based films, some examples of the outlaw hero include Huck Finn and Davy Crockett. The other hero portrayed, the â€Å"official hero,† is sometimes thought of as less exciting than the bad-boy outlaw hero. This hero is someone who is shown to work with the law and with the system, rather than separately. This hero is often shown as the lawyer, the teacher, the police, or some sort of â€Å"everyday hero† in our society. We will write a custom essay sample on The Thematic Paradigm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Films that include the official hero usually have a president or someone of similar standing as the hero. The differences are more than just how they â€Å"save the day,† but in every aspect of the hero. Ray states there are three main distinctions between the two; aging, society and women, and politics and the law. These differences are what distinctly separate the two heroes from each other in films. One appeal of the outlaw hero is they appear eternally youthful. ‘The attractiveness of the outlaw hero’s childishness and propensity to whims, tantrums, and emotional decisions derived from America’s cult of childhood (378). Children often are the catalyst in the outlaw hero stories and are often outlaw hero’s themselves. The outlaw hero is often immature and quick to react without thinking, much as a child would. The official hero on the other hand is portrayed much more maturely. They have â€Å"the best attributes of adulthood (379),† including clear judgment and reasoning and wisdom that comes with age. This is one reason they are often less appealing than the outlaw hero. How the hero interacts with women and society is a huge part of the character. The official hero is shown to have either a happy marriage or romantic relationship. They also are in good standing with major societal figures and are extremely respected characters. The outlaw does not have excellent standings with the women in their life. Even if the woman is an outlaw, the hero usually ends up hurt or betrayed by her in some way. Society is generally not the biggest fan of the outlaw in the story. They are often rebellious and burn bridges with the major societal figures. The relationship between the law and the outlaw is similar to the relationship they have with society. Being an outlaw and rebel, they are rule and law breakers. The official hero is the exact opposite. They work with the law to get the job done, rather than breaking the law. Ray lays out the differences between the cinematic heroes in a very organized manner, and states very clearly the differences. The two heroes that have been used in the traditional films are still clearly used in today’s films due to their distinct and set characteristics and rules.

Childhood Trauma and Substance Abuse in Adulthood Essays

Childhood Trauma and Substance Abuse in Adulthood By: Lauren Gonder CA 401 Child Advocacy II: Responses, Dr. Quanda Stevenson Children are precious yet pliable beings. Children develop through their experiences both physically and psychologically . These experiences calibrate the brain and the body to prepare us for the different environments we face. If a child is brought up in a home where they are constantly being abused and/or neglected, they are programed into learning to take care of themselves. Emotional problems arise when a child is faced with abuse and/or neglect. As they grow older, they may be led to become a part of a bad crowd, to feel like they are a part of something , or to self-medicate to block unwanted feelings . There has been a resurgence in the understanding of what makes a person addicted. Early childhood trauma may be the link to substance abuse in adulthood because of neurological anomalies and emotional trauma. Brain plasticity is the brain 's ability to change at any age, whether it be for the best or the worst. How the brain develops and its physical structure can be affected by one's experiences, positive or negative. Positive experiences, like a nurturing upbringing, is where a child will thrive in most conditions. Negative experiences, like abuse and/or neglect, causes elevated levels of stress and can obstruct the brain's development. Not all stress is bad, though. Our brain works like a muscle and learning requires a small amount of stress. It's when the stress is too large, too often, or too erratic for one person to control. Chil d maltreatment effects the brain's normal structure that impact cognitive, behavioral , and social attributes . Studies have proven that children who are mistreated are the causes for the high levels of stress with in turn causes disruptions in the brain's normal structure. These disruptions have bee n studied in neurological scans proving victims of trauma are vulnerable to substance abuse. Emotional or psychological trauma is a form of damage to the mind that occurs as a result of a severely distressing event. Neglect, loss of a parent, witnessing domestic violence, and having a family member who suffers from a mental illness are just a few of the occurrences that promote emotional trauma. The study of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) was studied and proven that different stress-producing experiences that occur during childhood are the explanations of substance abuse and other forms of impulsive disorders. The study calculated the amount of ACE's a person endured, and depending on the quantity of experiences, the greater the probability of becoming an alcoholic or intravenous drug user. The experiences that are extremely traumatic for children are much less traumatic for adults. Children are limited in their ability to make contextual interpretations , lack a frame of reference, and have difficulties making sense of the se experiences. Significant occurrences have a lasting effect on children and are more likely to linger. Children are supposed to be able to rely on their loved ones for support, but when a child's loved ones are the center of the abuse, neglect, or other trauma, family support is not an option. When a person is faced with a difficult situation and has no one to turn to, they will use alcohol or drugs to lessen the effects of being victimized. Self-medication is also modeled from a potential family member' s substance abuse. Having a substance abuse problem on top of early traumatic events only makes recovery that much harder. Having a working knowledge of the events that lead up to substance abuse can better assist medical professionals in the recovery of these dual-disorders. In addition, knowing that early childhood traumatic experiences provoke substance abuse and other reckless addictions, the federal and state institutions, and society as a whole, can work towards preventing child maltreatment. Parents need to be aware of their stresses in knowing that they can be the defining factor in how their child's brain develops. Putting a stop to child maltreatment can reduce the amount of people who develop substance abuse disorders and in turn reduce other contributing factors that hinder society. Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY Felitti, V. J. (2004, February 16). The Origins of

The Impact Of Employee Involvement And Participation On Organization Performance The WritePass Journal

The Impact Of Employee Involvement And Participation On Organization Performance Abstract The Impact Of Employee Involvement And Participation On Organization Performance ). Forth, J. and Millward, N. (2001). â€Å"The impact of unions on pay levels in lower-skilled jobs†. National Institute Economic Review. 176, pp. 76-90. Gonzales, M. (2009). Worker’s involvement at the workplace and job quality in Europe. Edinburgh: RECWOWE Publications. Grimsrud, B, and Kvinge, T. (2010). Productivity Puzzles – should employee participation be an issue? Nordic Journal of Political Economy, 36, pp. 139-167. Guerro, S. and Barraud-Didier, V. (2004). High-involvement practices and performance f French firms. International Journal of Human Resources Management. 15(8). pp.1408-1423. Hyman, J B. Mason (1995). Managing Employee Involvement and Participation. London: Sage. Jones, D., Kalmi, P. and Kauhanen, A. (2006). How does employee involvement stack up? The effects of Human Resources Management policies on performance in retail firm. New York: Cornell University ILR School. Kanter, R. (1982). Dilemma of Managing Participation. Organizational Dynamics. (summer). pp. 5-27. Lawler, E. (1990). High Involvement Management. Participative Strategies for Improving Organizational Performance. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Marchington, M. (2005). ‘Employee involvement: Patterns and explanations’. In: (ed.) Harley, B.,   J. Hyman and P. Thompson Participation and democracy at work. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Sesil, J. (1999). The impact of employee involvement and group incentives on performance in UK high technology establishments. New Jersey: School of Management and Labour Relations.

Topic Analysis, Annotated Bibliography, and Research Paper

Topic Analysis, Annotated Bibliography, and - Research Paper Example He argues that the degraded youth express themselves creatively through Hip Hop music. The author’s claim that Hip Hop originated from the neglected and crack-infested inner cities of NY and, thus, cannot be expected to live up to the standards of Middle Class America, will form a critical part of my argument on the origins and influence of Hip Hop. Dimitriadis, Greg. Performing Identity/performing Culture: Hip Hop As Text, Pedagogy, and Lived Practice. New York: P. Lang, 2009. Print. Professor Greg Dimitriadis is an associate professor at SUNY with interests in popular culture and urban education. He critically reflects on Hip Hop’s contemporary currents and the economic, social, and cultural shifts that have influenced and been influenced by commercial Hip Hop. He concludes that these shifts in contemporary currents have a profound influence on Hip Hop fans and adherents. Using Hip Hop historical works to argue that youth fashion their notions of community on Hip Hop ideals, he argues that most urban youth have formed their notions on what America is through the depictions of Hip Hop artists from different regions. This argument will support my claims regarding the influences that Hip Hop has had on young people. Annotated Bibliography Where and how did Hip Hop originate and what influence has it had on contemporary America? Light, Alan. ... The author concludes that Hip Hop arose from aspirations of people who had little in terms of economic and social emancipation. Using vivid reviews by over 50 music and cultural critics, he argues that Hip Hop used the resources that were available to its originators, including microphones, turn tables, old records, and aspirations of success. This argument will support my research into the origins of the Hip Hop art form. Chang, Jeff. Can't Stop, Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2011. Print. Jeff Chang is a journalist and Hip Hop critic with a range of awards for his chronicling of the early rap music scene. He focuses on the effect of youth rebellion on Hip Hop’s origin, concluding that, from its initial origins as an art form, for youth without societal support, Hip Hop has transformed American culture and politics. Based on interviews with early Hip Hop artists, the main argument proposed by the author is that Hip Hop acted as an outlet for young black youth to be heard by the society. This claim is relevant to my take on how and why Hip Hop went from music of the oppressed to the most profitable genre in America today. Brown, Adrienne. "Drive Slow: Rehearing Hip Hop Automotivity." Journal of Popular Music Studies 24.3 (2012): 265–275. Adrienne brown is an assistant professor of English literature and language, specializing in African American and American effects on cultural production in the 20th and 21st century. Her central focus here is the materialistic culture in Hip Hop and its influence on American youth, concluding that, rather than the artists, it is this materialistic culture, which speaks to the audience. The main argument is that, in Hip Hop, materialistic objects like

Ethical Dilemma Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ethical Dilemma Paper - Essay Example This conclusion has been drawn from the fact that the parties which are involved in this situation which are that of the young child, her biological parents and foster parents are likely to experience either pain or pleasure as a consequence of the court’s decision. Such that the law’s decision in favor of the biological parents would indeed grant them with happiness however, the child who has been raised by her foster parents since infancy would not appreciate being handed over to her biological parents as this action is being taken against her will, nor would the foster parents who have showered the child with love and affection experience pleasure as a consequence of the court’s decision. On the other hand, the implementation of rule based thinking in this scenario would recommend that by adopting a reckless approach towards parenting, the child’s parents have forgone their right to establish an association with their daughter if she does not intend to do so willingly. In the given case, the young girl has accepted her foster parents as her natural parents and demanding her to change this perception would be considered unfair because her natural parent’s incompetence in failing to responsibly raise her cannot be deemed as her fault. The court’s decision in this case can be negated by relating to the case 14-year-old, Kimberly Mays who was awarded the right to choose between her biological and adoptive family (Konstan, 1994). Therefore, as the child has been returned to her natural parents against her will, then it can be stated that ethics do not support law in the given scenario as per the foundations of rule based ethics. The similarities and differences of the ethical schools which have been applied in this case are based upon their evaluation of the matter and the identification of the parties which are involved in the case. The distinction between the theoretical models however, lies in the reason behind the court’s

Mom says Patriot Act stripped son of due process, dated April 29, 2009 Research Paper

Mom says Patriot Act stripped son of due process, dated April 29, 2009 - Research Paper Example Admittedly, there are various powers given to the Federal agents under the Patriot Act. Firstly, they have the right to conduct surveillance and searches even without any probable cause to suspect criminal activity. Moreover, it is allowed to conduct searches without giving prior notice. Another serious issue is that after conducting electronic search or wiretapping, it is possible for the federal agents to secretly arrest a person and divulge no information to the family. Moreover, as McNeill (2011) points out, the Act allows federal agents to keep the matter away from media and attorney for as long as charges are not brought. That means a person who is suspected of terrorist activity may lose all the rights as a citizen. Evidently, the case is interpreted to be Patriot Act case because of the nature of the case. First of all, it was a bomb threat and the medium was internet calls. It is the Patriot Act that gave federal agents the right to search electronic communication, and arres t and retain people without disclosing the matter. In the case of Ashton Lundeby, the federal agents allegedly gave no information to the family or media. Moreover, there was no legal representation allowed. Thus, the case is interpreted as a Patriot Act case. ... For example, if the situation involves a bomb threat by a student against a school, the case is supposed to be deferred to the State or local authorities. Furthermore, it is pointed out that investigations as provided under Section 844(e) do not need to be initiated if a pattern or plan for the offense does not exist. Thus, it becomes evident that the case does not need to be treated under Patriot Act. Evidently, any law like the Patriot Act will have a very negative impact on the quality of civil rights in a nation like America. This is so because the Patriot Act has provided the federal agents the right to look into the private lives of people and listen to everything they communicate. Moreover, it is seen that instead of addressing real terrorism, this new step has touched every sphere of life and protest, and affected areas like freedom of association, freedom of information, freedom of speech, right to legal representation, freedom from unreasonable searches, right to a public t rial, and right to liberty. However, the problem with the new step, according to SNR Denton report (n.d.), is that the government has not so far proved that these initiatives are useful in preventing terrorism. Admittedly, it is not possible to counter terrorism without introducing stringent laws. Secondly, though the search by federal agencies intrude privacy, it is better to have ones privacy taken away by the government than by terrorists. Moreover, as Brawley and Perekrestov (n.d.) argue, only those who communicate something illegal need to fear the close monitoring by federal agencies. For others, it offers added sense of security and belonging. However, the present problem with the

Development Of Iago In Othello English Literature Essay

Development Of Iago In Othello English Literature Essay Iago is one of the most interesting and deeply developed characters in the tragedy Othello by William Shakespeare. Using carefully thought-out actions and words, Iago manipulates others to do things in a way that helps him and gets him to reach his aspirations. He is the driving force in this play, pushing Othello and every other character towards the tragic ending. Its first apparent that Iago is just your normal run of the mill villain but he is far more than that. Shakespeare has decided to make Iago amoral which adds a new depth to character and makes his actions even more villainous then they already were. Iago is a very smart character and this only aids him in his villainous ploy. Iago now starts revealing his plot to take down Othello. Being the intelligent character he is, Iago plays on Roderigos feelings for Desdemona and steals money from him. Thus do I ever make my fool my purse. For I mine own gained knowledge should profane if I would time expend with such a snipe but for my sport and profit. I hate the Moor, and it is thought abroad that twixt my sheets hes done my office. I know not if t be true, but I, for mere suspicion in that kind, will do as if for surety. He holds me wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Iago sees it as wasted time and knowledge if he didnt play on Roderigo and get money from him or even use him against Othello. Iago simply sees Roderigo as just being desposable and easy to toy with; just a stepping stone down his path of greed. In this quote he also explains explains one of the major reasons why he wants the ultimate fall of Othello and how he will manipulate Othello into believing that Cassio has had an affair with Desdemona. Along with being intelligent Iago is also a quick thinker and is able to tackle just about any situation that you may throw at him. We first see this when Roderigo is livid once he finds out Iagos scheme but Iago is able to make it seem a better and calm Roderigo down. He took Roderigos anger and twisted it into a way to better along his plan. If Roderigo is blinded by anger then it wont be hard for Iago to make him believe anything. Iagos long term goal is to make Othello look bad and what better way to do that then to make him think his wife is cheating on him? He takes her by the palm. Ay, well said, whisper! With as little a web as this will I ensnare as great a fly as Cassio. Ay, smile upon her, do, I will gyve thee in thine own courtship. You say true, tis so, indeed. If such tricks as these strip you out of your lieutenantryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ By simply twisting around normal friendly actions he can make anything seem worse and that is just what he does with Cassio and Desdemonas relationship. Cassio and Desdemona are nothing more then simple friends but when Iago sees them interacting in a little more then a friendly way he thinks of a plan to make Othello believe that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio. None of this would be possible if Iago didnt talk in such natural and vindictive speech. Iago talks in a lot of prose instead verse and that makes him a little easier to understand and get his point across. He also interacts as if he is genuinely trying to help Othello but in all reality he is only helping himself and praying that everyone else will fail. These interactions with other characters have led him to be known as Honest Iago even though he has already planted the seed of tragedy in Othellos mind. Iago is a master of abusing peoples trust to gain more power and further the completion of his goals, and he does this with Othello. He keeps the characters trusting him and believing that he is there for them and helping them until it all comes back on him. Iago is able to keep Cassios trust for as long as he needs it just by doing little favors like this; guaranteeing time with Desdemona. Ill send her to you presently, and Ill devise a mean to draw the Moor out of the way, that your converse and business may be more free. In order to keep their trust he must keep doing things throughout the play for them but keep his ending goal. What appears as a friendly gesture turns into a way to bring Cassio, Desdemona, and Othello down from their high graces. Iago sets up the situation then turns around and uses Cassios good looks, and flirtatious manner with women to play on what he already installed in Othellos mind about Desdemonas fidelity. In the end of the play he completely betrays Cassio and tells Roderigo to kill him. Neither of them are useful anymore to Iago so he sees no reason to keep them around any longer. I have rubbed this young quat almost to the sense, and he grows angry. Now, whether he kill Cassio or Cassio him, or each do kill the other, every way makes my gain. Live Roderigo, he calls me to a restitution large of gold and jewels that I bobbed from him as gifts to Desdemona. It must not be. If Cassio do remain he hath a daily beauty in his life that makes me uglyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Roderigo was nothing more then a vehicle in Iagos plot and now that he is done with Roderigo there is no need to keep him around and Cassio is the likely man to kill him. Iago has already made Cassio look bad in Othellos eyes and thats all he wanted to do but to Iago he doesnt care whether Roderigo kills Cassio or Cassio kills Roderigo because either way it is good for him. In the end of it Iago has to do it himself all while keeping up his perfect image. While Iago and Bianca are helping Cassio, Iago sends off Emilia to tell Othello but in turn Emilia reveals to Othello all about how evil and vindictive Iago is. Iago kills Emilia because she is nothing more than a nuisance and is the only person that can stop him from getting what he wants, but in the end it was Iago who really stopped himself. Iagos selfishness, scheming, lying and petty revenge are what lead to the death of everything Iago once knew; even himself.

Irene Hickman’s Mind Probe Hypnosis

This book is about the various aspects regarding hypnosis. Hypnosis, the manipulation of the human mind by another entity is slowly going mainstream, reaching the people and making good use of it. It has been long ignored and now it becomes useful to professionals in treating various disorders of people. This book clearly show the different kinds of scenarios that you get when you explore a person’s mid. It also shows how to go deep into the mind in order to discover things or experiences from the past that could be hindering a person to live a normal life. Thus, it serves and benefits people by easing their mind, body and emotions. The author covers issues birth and death, problems of allergies, the use of fantasy and fact, and even treating sex problems. These issues were tackled on how the mind deals with tem, on how the subconscious mind is able to suppress these thoughts, if ever they gave the person a bad experience. This book is different from other books of the same type is that it doesn’t merely talk about how one should go back to the past and revisit his life before, but instead, to go back and be able to know the origin of a certain problem he is currently facing in the present time. The cases found in this book are all very useful and informative, wherein it describes their experiences with their subconscious, thus a very good guide for professionals and those who practice hypnosis. The author covers a wide scope in the aspect of hypnosis. It deals on how people’s fear could have its roots in the previous events in his life, wherein he suffered a great deal of pain or hardship which led to what he is experiencing now. Hypnosis touches on how to deal with one’s fears and problems primarily from recognizing them, and acknowledging its existence. I think the most effective method of the author is the allergy-suppression dialog, wherein a person who has an allergy can be hypnotized to reminisce his past life to discover the cause of the allergy. If the cause is found, the person hypnotized will be asked to go through it over and over again until he is not feeling and discomfort or fear towards the situation they had that led to the allergy. This is a very effective way in treating patients who suffer from bodily reactions without knowing the real cause. Even if they seek medical help, the medical professionals are unable to find the real cause of the allergies. This is when hypnosis is used as a means of treatment. An example of a case where a hypnosis session was used to cure an allergy problem is with a certain Marge Tellez, who suffered an abnormal response to cold water for a long time already. Any exposure to cold water was exchanged with a rather violent reaction from her body. When she drinks cold water, the inside of her mouth would swell, and when cold water touches her, her skin would become swollen and cracked, and was really very hard and painful for her. Doctors from various medical institutions were unable to cure her, and were considered a rare case. They tried to suppress her condition by giving her a daily injection of a drug, which seem to have worked a little bit. When she resorted to hypnosis, it was found out that in her past life, she had some various bad experiences with cold water. This includes a few circumstances that she was drowned or was nearly drowned. Another situation is that she was a galleon slave and fought their captain, and the most traumatic for her was a ship wreck which claimed the life of two of her kids. With those situations in hand, the hypnotist asked her again and again to describe and talk about the situations and asks her what she feels, until they reach the point that she wasn’t uncomfortable with it and that she doesn’t feel any fear of the cold water anymore (Hickman, 2002). Another case was with a certain R.S. He complained of a severe reaction of his body to cold weather. If though he wears thick layers of clothes and jackets, he would feel uneasy and uncomfortable. It was found out, using the same method of hypnosis, that in his past life, he has been lost in a blizzard in the early years of Texas and he froze to death. Another situation that sparked his fear of the cold weather is when he died from the cold during the time of the Romans and their conquests. His past life experiences were handled by the same process, through hypnosis and recognition and confrontation of the problem itself. Through confrontation, the problem was well taken care of and he eventually lost his allergy to the cold weather. It would be a very wonderful experience if you would be able to try all the possible means in acquiring a positive result, since you would know first hand which would be really be useful for you. I think the application of these methods will depend on the situation of the patient. There are some patients who have no reaction on a certain method, and if you would use another one, you would be able to obtain a result. I would prefer the process of going back to your past self in order to cure an allergy. Because of that, it enables the patient to be free of the restrictions which are brought about by the allergy he is having. If you eliminate the root, you are enabling yourself to be able to enjoy and live your life to the fullest without worrying about any allergies. It would depend on how you approach a certain problem. I wouldn’t want to avoid any of the techniques because they could have potential use to them in the near future. It will be able to teach us what we need to know and how we could go about on things. As a hypnotherapy’s practitioner, it should be known that hypnosis is very useful in relieving a person’s stress. It is a key point to have an idea as to what could be the cause of a person’s allergy. I would personally recommend the use of the process wherein you could be able to eliminate an allergy of some sort. Summary The book was able to convey a lot important aspects regarding hypnosis and being able to probe a person’s mind. It is very important so that you could be relieved of a stress or overcome a certain fear of something. Through this, man is capable of living freely, without the hindrance of theses problems, wherein man is the one that creates these problems. References: Hickman, I. (2002). Mind Probe Hypnosis   Retrieved January 20, 2007, from http://www.indiangyan.com/books/hypnosisbooks/Mind_probe_hypnosis/problem_of_allergies.shtml      

A Historical Overview of Christianity

Christianity is not one faith in its practice, but a diverse array of faiths that have evolved over two thousand years. What these faiths share in common is the central figure of Jesus Christ. In his day, Jesus was a polarizing figure.He was born and raised in the Jewish tradition, but was shunned by many when he proclaimed himself to be the long awaited messiah. How could a messiah come from such humble roots? He was not the image of the messiah most people at the time expected.For the Romans, Jesus posed a threat to their rule. Jesus never set out to upend the Roman state, but his growing popularity was seen as a threat none the less. Eventually he was arrested on trumped-up charges and brutally crucified.In the decades following his death his small group of apostles began constructing what we now know as the New Testament. They related the events of his life including the miracles he performed, his crucifixion and his resurrection. These writings were combined with the much older Jewish Torah and Talmud to form the Christian Bible of today.The Apostles also formed the early Christian church as a separate entity from traditional Judaism. In its remarkable history that church would suffer centuries of persecution then would rise to the heights of political and social power. It also would endure many splits. The largest single denomination within the Christian church is Catholicism.The Protestant Reformation of the middle ages would eventually spawn hundreds of new denominations. The history, theoretical perspectives and rites of each of these denominations differs from the others. All are ultimately focused on Jesus Christ as the savior through which man can be given eternal life in heaven.†¢ Subtopic 1: theoretical perspectives and development of the theologyTraditional Christian theology views God as a three-faceted entity. God the Father, God the son (Jesus) and God as the Holy Spirit comprise what is known as the godhead.In 675 A.D., The Council of Tr ent concluded that â€Å"Although we profess three persons we do not profess three substances but one substance and three persons (Stanford University, 2008). Judaism, by contrast, does not recognize Jesus as God. Although many first century Jews viewed Jesus as a heretic or even a false prophet, most now accept that he was a prophet but not that he was the messiah.Christianity is heavily influenced by Judaism. The books of the Torah form Christian conceptions of the beginning of the world, the sinfulness of man and the promise of a coming messiah. Jesus himself preached in the Jewish synagogues and often cited Old Testament prophecy.St. Augustine of Hippo, argued that philosophical reflection complemented theology, but only when these philosophical reflections were firmly grounded in a prior intellectual commitment to the underlying truth of the Christian faith.(Stanford University, 2008)The Jews of the first century doubted that Jesus could be the messiah that had been promised i n the book of Isaiah. He was a carpenter from humble origins. His parents were unmarried at the time Mary began pregnant with Jesus.The family faced ostracization as a result. Joseph, the baby’s earthly father, had considered sending his wife away before the baby was born. Since he and Mary had not yet had sex, Joseph suspected that the pregnancy was the result of an affair. According to the Christian bible, Joseph was convinced not to send her away by a vision from God and consultation with Jewish elders. The baby was to be the messiah born of a virgin.If the Jewish community doubted the humble beginnings of the young messiah, some of his early teachings raised even more concern. While Jesus recognized that the Jewish people were the chosen people of the Old Testament the messiah was not to be reserved to them. Jesus came to atone for the sins of all people. Those of any culture who accepted him in faith could receive this atonement.Judaism had already existed for centuries by that time. During this span of time theologians had created hundreds of specific rules regarding worship and everyday life. For many Jews piety was judged in concordance with obeying of these rules. Jesus challenged this assumption.By working on the Sabbath and performing other acts that broke the rules, Jesus sent a clear message that true faith was about much more than obeying the rules. He told the elders that they could not â€Å"earn their way† in to heaven. In doing so he challenged the well-established social order.As Jesus had faced skepticism and outright hostility, so too would the early Christian Church. Theologians such as St. Paul would face resistance from all sides. The Jews, particularly the elite classes, strongly disagreed with the proposition that Jesus was the messiah.The ruling Romans saw a threat that could erode their empire from within. There was also dissent within the early church as it struggled to find its theological underpinnings.   

Fifth Meditation essays

Fifth Meditation essays In the Fifth Meditation by Rene Descartes, he makes a case for the existence of God. He goes on to give reason to prove his argument that to exist is to believe in God for with out God we would not exist. Descartes gives the analogy of a mountain and a valley, pointing out that if a person believes that a mountain exists they cannot deny the existence of a valley, as stated in this quote: From the fact that I cannot think of a mountain without a valley, it does not follow that a mountain and valley exist anywhere, but simply that a mountain and a valley, whether they exist or not, are mutually inseparable. Descartes states the argument here, But from the fact that I cannot think of God except as existing, it follows that existence is inseparable from God, and hence that he really exists. Then he goes on to explain his reasons for the existence of God, It is not that my thought makes it so, or imposes any necessity of the thing itself, namely the existence of God, which determines my thinking in this respect. For I am not free to think of God without existence. He is saying, without God he would not exist, and if he does not exist he cannot think therefore God must exist if he has the ability to think. He supports his arguments further, as we see here, Descartes gives his conclusion, it states, I have perceived that God exists, and at the same time I have understood that everything else depends on him, and that he is no deceiver; and I have drawn the conclusion that everything which I clearly and distinctly perceive is of necessity true. He is saying, first of all, that everything that he unmistakably understands is true; he clearly understands God, therefore God exists! To support his conclusion he gives the argument, even if I am no longer attending to the arguments which led me to judge that this is true, as long as I remember that I clearly a ...

Country report of UK and petroleum industry

Country report of UK and petroleum industry PartHeadingsPagePart-AInternational trade3A1An Overview United Kingdom3A2Balance of Payment4A3Trading Relationship and Blocks6A4Major Export and Imports7A5Foreign Direct Investment8A6Tariff and Non tariff barriers8Part -BOil and Petroleum Industry9B1History, size and growth9Size10Employment11Contribution to UK's economy11Major producer and profile12B2International competitiveness13Demand Condition13Related and Supporting Industries14Factor Conditions15Firm, strategy, structure and rivalry16Part -CCulture and Business practices18United Kingdom Certain facts18C1General description19C2Business protocol and Communication.20C3Cultural DO's and Don'ts23C4Negotiation style and tactics24C5Comparison with American culture25Part-DConclusion26Exhibits -127Exhibits -228Exhibits -329Exhibits -430Exhibits -531Exhibits -632Exhibits -733References34(A)INTERNATIONAL TRADE:-(A-1) AN OVERVIEW-UNITED KINGDOM: -The Great Britain was a dominant industrial and maritime power of 19th century. The British ru led one fourth of the earth in and prior to 20th century. The present advance in literature, and democratic political system is a gifted to world by the British ruler. The United Kingdom consists of England, one sixth of island (part of Ireland) in North Sea and north western Atlantic sea. The main areas include England, Wales, Scotland, and north Atlantic islands of Wight, Hebrides and Shetland.English: EU and CIS blockThe UK is the first nation to witness industrial revolution in early 1990. The great invention of steam engine was done in England and it helped in subsequent industrialization of Britain. After World War II the United Kingdom emerged as a strong and developed economy of the world. After emergence of 25 European country as European economic union, The UK bears lot of importance in terms of international economic development, International business . The UK , a leading trading power and financial centre is one of the trillion dollars economy of western Europe. The GDP growth for UK was average 2.8% in last 5 years, it has export growth of 5.6% in last 10 years, It is ranked as number 3 in natural gas production and 10th as oil producing country with the average production of 2463 barrels/day for 2003. The Britain is worlds 4th...

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 33

Economics - Essay Example Looking at the antitrust policy, is it indeed protecting the competition or preventing it? The advantages of free competition are dissected in this paper as well. The case of the state against major gypsum board manufacturers and its various officials is an example of a successful antitrust trial case which has convicted the defendants in just nineteen weeks. Successful in the sense that antitrust cases heard after a few years are not unusual and most often, they are dismissed (Baumol & Blinder, 1998). The antitrust policy are programs created to protect small businesses by preventing monopoly in businesses as well as the engagement of big firms to â€Å"undesirable practices† (Baumol & Blinder, 1998). This policy started in1892 as an effort of the Supreme Court of Ohio to dissolve the growing monopoly of the Standard Oil Trust, thus, the term antitrust was coined (Baumol & Blinder, 1998). As a fast growing company, Standard Oil and its connected companies somehow have grown to lack confidence in the reliability of their alliance that they needed a policy to control their decisions. The policy primarily aims to foster competition rather than prevent it, which is a good thing as it gives equal opportunities for both big and small entrepreneurs to succeed. The gypsum board manufacturers were found to have violated this policy, killing the competition through interseller price verification. This is the practice of calling competing manufacturers to find out current prices offered to specific customers for them to fix a price on their product. Here, the manufacturers purposed to organize to a pricing scheme to control the market. One of the violations determined in this case was against section 1 of the Sherman Act which forbids all contracts, combinations and conspiracies in restraint of trade as well as the monopoly in interstate and foreign trade (Baumol & Blinder, 1998). There are four elements

Technology effects on children Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Technology effects on children - Research Paper Example f the social media, which includes twitter and Face book have a negative impact on children, because they play a role in making them to waste time, and it also enables them to engage in unnecessary social interactions†. This is basically because it makes them vulnerable to criminals and pedophiles that are using the internet for purposes of taking advantage of them. However, it is important to assert that technological innovations are not used for purposes of social interactions, but it can also be used in the school environment, and educating children. For instance, the use of power point illustrations is an efficient and effective method of teaching children various concepts within the classroom set up. This paper focuses on the impact of technology on children who are between the ages of 9 to 12 years, and the ones who reside in United States. 2. Napoli (2011, p. 66) examines this debate and he asserts that, â€Å"There are people who support, and those who area against the use of technology in schools, and by children, and hence it is a controversial topic†. Those that claim that technology has a negative effect on children’s development and growth base their arguments on a number of findings, for example, anti-social behavior among children, poor anger management, health issues such as diabetes caused by obesity due to the over use of technology (Adamy &Milman, 2009). However, the opposing side bases its evidence on early knowledge development in children especially in technological fields, better coordination and quick reception and response which are better developed in children exposed to technology. Moreover, the use of technology offers children with hand dexterity, quick reasoning and critical thinking. It’s still obvious that people haven’t reached a consensus over this issue, and the society seems greatly divided over it. Philosophers have argued over the years and competed with each other in trying to establish the real position of the

The Franklin Fund and Tiffany & Co Research Paper

The Franklin Fund and Tiffany & Co - Research Paper Example Tiffany & Co. is a company with holdings that mainly operates through its subsidiary companies. The company mainly engages in jewelry manufacturing, product designing and retailing activities. However, the major portion of the sales is earned from its jewelry and specialty retailer, Tiffany and Company which operates primarily in North and South America and has stores in United States, Canada, Brazil and Mexico. Apart from these nations, a substantial amount of sale for the company products comes from Asia-Pacific and European countries. A brief history of the company Established first in New York in the year 1830, Tiffany & Co. during its initial years saw great growth prospect in the fancy and stationery goods market. With an advance of $1,000 from Tiffany’s father, 25 years old Charles Lewis Tiffany and John B. Young opened their first store at New York City. Inspired by the natural world, their products bore the mark of harmony, simplicity and clarity, which went on to bec ome the hallmark of the company’s designs ranging from their silver hollowware and flatware to jewelry at later stages. It was in 1867, that Tiffany and Co got international recognition, when a foreign jury at Paris Exposition Universelle handed over the grand prize for silver craftsmanship. As it went on to spread its wings, Tiffany & Co. went on to establish the first American school of design, The Silver Studio. In 1886 the company created another benchmark when it launched the engagement ring Tiffany ® Setting which went on to become a new symbol in the jewelry industry. Tiffany won the greatest of honors and awards and held the leading position in thee world of designer jewelry creation. Tiffany boasted of being one of the most trusted and appreciated jewelry brand for many distinguished personalities of the American society; who preferred Tiffany & Co. over any other jewelry brand. The company continually changed and updated its designs to keep pace with the changing taste of the modern customers. One can get hold of all the legendary design patterns of Tiffany in the annual Blue Book Collection. Published for the first time in 1845 this book catalogues the best of all glamorous and spectacular jewelry created by Tiffany. Today’s version of the catalogue showcases the elite range of diamonds and colored gems that have been encrusted in wide range of precious metals For its elegant style and rich heritage over the past two centuries, Tiffany has gained the reputation of being the ultimate source of gifts for most cherished occasions of life. (Tiffany & Co., 2011). A brief biography of the current CEO Michael J. Kowalski, the chairman and CEO of Tiffany & Co. is a renowned jeweler who was appointed as the president of the company back in January 1996.

The Scarlet Letter - Thesis Essay Example for Free

The Scarlet Letter Thesis Essay One main theme present in the work The Scarlet Lette is that of sin and guilt. Nathaniel Hawthorne attempts to show how guilt can be a form of everlasting punishment. The book represents sin and guilt through symbolism and character development. In his novel, The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne explains how the punishment of guilt causes the most suffering among those affected. As with any piece, symbolism plays an important role in representing the main ideas of a novel. The plot in The Scarlet Letter revolves around three significant events that describe the development of the story. As both starting point and ending point of the novel, the scaffold scenes hold symbolic meaning. The first scaffold scene introduces the reader to the story, plot, and characters. The reader meets Hester Prynn and soon discovers the means of her sin. Hesters thoughts as she stands before the public are described at the end of the second chapter. Could it be true? She clutched the child so fiercely to her breast, that it sent forth a cry; she turned her eyes downward at the scarlet letter, and even touched it with her finger, to assure herself that the infant and the shame were real. Yes! -these were her realities, -all else had vanished! (Hawthorne, 55). At this point, Hester is still quite ashamed of her sin of adultery, and may not want to acknowledge the reality of it. As Hester is accused of her crime, the first scaffold scene represents committing and being accused of a sin. By the time the second scaffold scene approaches, seven years later, the reader should know that Hesters partner in crime is the minister Arthur Dimmesdale. Thus far in the novel, Dimmesdale has kept his sin a secret from society. During the second scaffold scene, Reverend Dimmesdale ventured out in the night to the scaffold in seek of forgiveness from God. He hoped to reveal himself to the public, however No eye could see him, save that ever-wakeful one which had seen him in his closet, wielding the bloody scourge. Why, then, had he come hither? (129) Resulting with the burden of guilt still upon his soul, his sin is not revealed which is why the second scaffold scene represents concealment of sin. Just as the book opened at the scaffold, it closes there as well. The third and final scaffold scene involves the primary characters from both the first and second scaffold scenes. All three of these characters, Hester, her child Pearl, and Dimmesdale stand together at the scaffold. This is the point in the novel where the minister finally wishes to reveal his sin. Concealing his sin for so long had caused him to deteriorate both mentally and physically, so just as Dimmesdale confessed, his life was taken from him. The third scaffold scene represents revealing and repenting sin. Some say that Nathaniel Hawthorne named the characters of his novel with symbolic meaning behind them. Each of the four main characters names can be tied in one way or another to sin and guilt. First, there is the character Hester Prynn. Her last name, Prynn, rhymes with the word sin, which is used to represent her role in the novel. Next, there is Dimmesdale. Simply the mere sound of the name in itself gives the impression of someone dim, dark, or weak; perhaps this way from suffering guilt. Then there is Chillingworth. Again, the sound of the name gives the reader a sense that the character has a cold heart; which is sinful alone. And lastly, little Pearl. Rather than representing the evils of sin, her name means salvation, and can be represented as the salvation of sin. The characters alone play a symbolic role in expressing the main theme. (Online-Literature.com, Symbolism) Nathaniel Hawthorne attempts to show how guilt can be a form of everlasting punishment by showing how each character endures much suffering from it. Hester Prynne, the main character in the novel, suffers a variety of types of punishment for the crime of adultery she committed. She faces such punishment as public humiliation from wearing the symbol A as to represent her crime, dealing with the physical outcome of her crime, and most painful, having to live with what she had done. As the book opens, Hester is brought forth from the jail and walked to the scaffold. For the first time being seen in public named an adulterer, Hester shies from the public as they mock her. However, She never battled with the public, but submitted  uncomplainingly to its worst usage; she made no claim upon it, in requital for what she suffered; she did not weight upon its sympathies. (Hawthorne 140). Soon, it did not matter what other people thought of Hester because of her sin. She chose not to live with the humiliation, but she did have to live with herself. Having to deal with her daughter Pearl day in and day out is a punishment in itself as well. Most people, including Hester, view Peal as a demon child. However, Hester hesitates to punish Pearl for being so. She feels guilty as it is, placing a burden on Pearls life, for Peal is branded as the child of an adulterer, all of this resulting from Hesters passionate sin. (Guilt as Reparation for Sin, paragraph 14). The minister Dimmesdale is greatly affected by the weight of guilt he carries with him everyday of his proceeding life. Since his sin is unknown to society, there is not a public crowd to look down upon him, but one Roger Chillingworth who lives just to torture Dimmesdale. He wishes and prays most often that the public know of his wrong, rather than hold it secret, as it would be less painful. Happy are you, Hester, that wear that scarlet letter openly upon your bosom! Mine burns in secret!! (Hawthorne 182). Fear, is in fact, the only reason Dimmesdale fails to confess himself. He feels guilty for not being able to be a father figure to Pearl, for letting Hester suffer on her own, and, of course, just for his own sinful actions. In the end, it is the guilt that kills him, not any public humiliation. One may look at Roger Chillingworth, Hesters husband, and see no guilt within him. Truthfully, Chillingworth is a cold-hearted soul. He does, however, have some guilt. Chillingworth, indeed, feels a bit guilty for marrying Hester in the first place. He and Hester both knew they did not love each other, but decided to marry anyway. Chillingworth might have known something like what Hester did would have happened eventually. After all, Chillingworth was much too old and unattractive for a young woman like Hester to feel anything worth making the relationship work. Even though it was out of his hands, Chillingworth also feels a bit bad about leaving Hester as he did for so long. He may feel that he could have been a catalyst  in what happened, however, Chillingworth was not about to let others who contributed to it run away freely. This explains his excuse for becoming a fiend. He may feel guilty for becoming so evil, however, he blames it on Hester and Dimmesdales actions, and does not feel he should change his ways. I have already told thee what I am! A fiend! Who made me so?' (Hawthorne 151) He felt less guilt than the other characters, however, he was the one who caused the most misery. Although Pearl, Hesters daughter, does not directly suffer such guilt because she is the only innocent character in the novel, she does suffer from her mothers guilt and sinful actions. Because Pearl is dubbed an evil being as an illegitimate child, she suffers much public ridicule and humiliation. She also receives the blame for Hesters past seven years of suffering guilt. During the scene in A Flood of Sunshine, when Hester throws the A into the river, she also symbolically throws away Pearl, thus rejecting and blaming her own child. Each of the four main characters, in their own forms, has and must suffer from a form of guilt. Since Hester and Dimmesdale are the only characters that committed the sin the book revolves around, they are the ones who suffer most of the guilt. Guilt is a painful reminder of sin. The other punishments both characters had to face were painful, but in the end, all they did was make them feel further guilt and suffer further pain. The only thing other punishments bring out is the inner guilt of a person, if they are worthy enough to realize their wrong. Only the man who has enough good in him to feel the justice of the penalty can be punished; the other can only be hurt.' (Punishment Quote, paragraph 1). There are two characters in the novel who are worthy enough to be punished: Hester and Dimmesdale. On the other side of the spectrum, there is Chillingworth. He does not see the wrong in his sin of torturing Dimmesdale. Hester Prynne immediately feels guilty for what she had done. If anything, shed wish to take it back, as if it had never happened. Such the same with Arthur Dimmesdale. He was not only suffering from guilt of his sin, but also  was becoming a very hypocritical reverend, the last thing he may have wanted. It is quite evident that the guilt eventually drove him mad to the point of self-mutilation, because as the reader knows, in the end of the novel, Dimmesdale dies from his guilt. If you are not worthy, you cannot feel sorry for what you have done, as the case with Roger Chillingwroth. He felt it was he duty to torture the reverend Dimmesdale. He was, nonetheless, hurt by it. He had dedicated the remainder of his life to making Dimmesdale suffer, so when Dimmesdale died, so did Chillingworth shortly following. Sin is represented in many ways throughout the novel. Because of the sins the characters have committed, they had to be punished for their actions. Letting them suffer with their own guilt is the best way of going about the matter. With this, the character is forced to live with what they did. Because both Hester and Dimmesdale saw their wrongs, guilt, for them, was effective. It just goes to show the pain the characters suffer. In his novel, The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne explains how the punishment of guilt causes the most suffering among those affected. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Guilt as Reparation for Sin in The Scarlet Letter. [http://www.123student.com/english/1443.shtml]. Feb. 2004. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York: Penguin Books, 1962. Punishment Quote. [http://www.123student.com/english/1910.shtml]. Feb. 2004. Stephanie. Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter. [http://www.online-literature.com/hawthorne/scarletletter]. Feb. 2004.

Biography of Adolf Hitler Essay example -- essays research papers

Adolf Hitler Introduction Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945), German political and military leader and one of the 20th century's most powerful rulers. Hitler converted Germany into a fully militarized society and launched World War II in 1939. He made anti-Jewish culture a top priority of his lies and policies and built the Nazi Party into a mass movement. He hoped to conquer the entire world, and for a time dominated most of Europe and much of North Africa. He founded sterilization and euthanasia measures to enforce his idea of racial purity among German people and caused the deaths of millions of Jews, Roma (Gypsies), Slavic people, and many others, all of whom he considered inferior. Early Years Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary, in 1889. Hitler had a comfortable childhood. His grades at school were above average and it was decided that he would attend a secondary school that prepared students for further studies and emphasized modern languages and technical subjects, at the school which was called a Realschule. However, Hitler and his father strongly differed over his career plans. His father wanted him to enter the public service. Hitler insisted on becoming an artist. So Hitler did poorly in Realschule, having to repeat the first year and improving very little from then on. During this time, Hitler began to form his political views: a strong sense of German nationalism, the beginnings of anti-Jewish culture. Like many German-speaking citizens of Austria-Hungary, Hitler considered himself first and a pure German. The death of Hitler?s father in January 1903 changed everything. The family income was adequate to support Hitler, his mother, and his sister, but the absence of a dominant father figure alte... ... of Europe, the war hastened the end of colonial empires and the emergence of the new Jewish state of Israel. It also brought about the creation of new international organizations like the United Nations that might prevent such wars in the future. Ironically, these developments were the exact opposite of what Hitler had hoped for. His ambition to make Berlin the capital of the world was not realized, and the enormous buildings he started designing for it in the 1920s were never built. Hitler combined organizational and manipulative talents with great cunning. He was simultaneously obsessed with fantastic visions and blinded to reality by those very visions. However, many Germans shared at least a portion of those visions. This support made it possible for Hitler to use the resources of Europe's second largest population and most advanced economy to pursue his dreams.

Aqua Fish Canada Inc.

BackgrounderThe background information relating to the Case Examination (Backgrounder) is provided to candidates in advance of the examination date. The Backgrounder contains information about both the company and the industry involved in the case. Candidates are expected to familiarize themselves with this information in preparation for the analysis that will be required during the Case Examination.Candidates should note that they will not be allowed to bring any written material, including the advance copy of this Backgrounder, into the examination centre. A new copy of this Backgrounder, together with additional information about the company and a supplement of formulae and tables, will be provided at the writing centre for the Case Examination. Only the following models of calculators are authorized for use during the Case Examination:1. Texas Instruments TI BA II Plus (including the professional model) 2. Hewlett Packard HP 10bII (or HP 10Bii) 3. Sharp EL-738C (or EL-738)Candida tes are reminded that no outside research on the industry related to this case is required. Examination responses will be evaluated on the basis of the industry information provided in the Backgrounder and the question paper (Additional Information).Overview Aqua Fish Canada Inc. (AFC) is a privately owned, Canadian company involved  in aquaculture in the Maritimes. Aquaculture is the cultivation and harvesting of fish in a natural or manufactured environment. Federally incorporated on May 1, 2002, AFC has established a reputation for delivering a quality product – Atlantic salmon – on a timely basis from its profitable fish farms and is a growing, commercial operation. AFC builds and maintains fish farm facilities; hatches, feeds, grows, and harvests Atlantic salmon; and distributes the unprocessed fresh fish mainly to customers in Canada and the northeastern U.S. Company HistoryIn early 2002, three Maritimers with backgrounds in the fishing industry (Joel Palango, Wendy Starky, and Jeanne Poirier) decided to search for potential investment opportunities that would help the local Maritime economy. They observed that, with access to plentiful water and site resources, a large workforce with a background in fishing, and governments eager to create employment, the aquaculture industry was growing along the eastern coast of Canada. Although they knew that there would be no revenue until the first fish grew large enough to sell, they were prepared to wait several years to realize a return and they decided to invest in an aquaculture business. Aqua Fish Canada Inc. was incorporated and the first decision made by the three shareholders was to establish an Atlantic salmon aquaculture farm.Guy Mills, an experienced aquaculture executive, was hired to build the business from the ground up. The first farm site was established within six months and operations began in November 2002 with the first spawning of fish. By October 2004, a sufficient number of f armed fish had reached a marketable weight and AFC harvested its first batch of salmon. Over the next five years, the company established three more salmon farm sites in three provinces as shown in Table 1 below.

Persuasive Speaking Outline Essay

Introduction: Why same sex couples should be allowed to get married †¢America is a nation of peace and equality †¢The definition of marriage excludes the union of same sex couples †¢Gays have family values too Body: Studies. Statistics. Benefits †¢Sixteen countries allow same-sex couples to marry †¢Legalization of same sex marriage increases with the higher levels of education. †¢54% of Americans support marriage equality Conclusion: What should we do? †¢Same sex couples should be treated equally †¢We should have an open mind, big heart and brain What’s the reason people get married for? So let me show you a short video first: America is a nation of peace and equality, however there have always been minority groups restricted from these basic rights. According to Merriam Webster Dictionary marriage is the state of being united to a person of the opposite sex as husband or wife in a contractual relationship recognized by  law. The definition excludes the union of same sex couples. Gays have been fighting for rights since the 1960’s, maybe even before then, and yet today. So banning same-sex marriage is unconstitutional. Making this issue illegal is also a form of discrimination. Nobody likes feeling inferior, or like they a below standards, by making sex marriage illegal you are making people who are attracted to the same sex feel and seem inferior to others. Homosexuality is not a conscious choice; it’s something they are born with. You may not think about it, but gays have family values too. They have many strong family benefits that some straight marriages lack, such as being more open-minded and accepting. Gay couples have even been proven to have stronger emotional bonds than straight couples. And since 2 people of the same sex can’t reproduce on their own, child adoption rates would increase. Strong family benefits and strong emotional bonds are essential to long-lasting relationships and marriages. As of 9 May 2014, sixteen countries (Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark,[nb 1] France, Iceland, Netherlands,[nb 2] New Zealand,[nb 3] Norway, Portugal, Spain, South Africa, Sweden, United Kingdom,[nb 4] Uruguay) and several sub-national jurisdictions (parts of Mexico and the United States) allow same-sex couples to marry. Studies conducted in several countries indicate the support for the legalization of same sex marriage increases with the higher levels of education and a very strong support of young people in todays society. Additionally, polls show that there is rising support for same sex marriage across all races, ethinicities, ages, religion and socioeconomics. A majority of todays society doesn’t quite understand the concept of gay marriage. Even though 54% of Americans support marriage equality, and the rest oppose, and the ones who support are generally very open minded and educated about the topic and mostly in the younger age groups. Civil rights are something people have worked hard to maintain over the years, abolishing slavery and treating women equally. Homosexual couples are no different. They deserve to have their civil rights fulfilled, just like women deserve to vote, they should be allowed to get married. Majority of the population against same sex marriage firmly believe the bible states  that it is unholy for couples of the same gender to marry. In the end same sex couples are really just couples and should be treated as such. They should be allowed the benefits of marriage, treated equally, not like they are inferior, and same sex couples should be allowed their civil rights. What should we do? We should have an open mind, big heart and brain. Don’t spend entire life hating because someone is different, and don’t really understand them. Everyone deserves a chance to love. Work cited page: http://prezi.com/obkis61thxax/same-sex-marriage-persuasive-speech/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage

Coming of the Civil War essays

Coming of the Civil War essays Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War: A Counterfactual Exercise, written by Gary J. Kornblith in the June 2003 issue of The Journal of American History, is an article that prompts the reader to reflect on the different dynamics which eventually lead to the Civil War. There are two diverse ideas concerning the causes of this War, one being Fundamentalism and the other Revisionism. Fundamentalists believe that the Civil War was caused by distinct societies in the North and South, whose dissimilar paths were headed for collision come the mid-nineteenth century. The divergence of social systems, a divergence epitomized by free labor and slave labor were three key elements which influenced the road to conflict. In a society where the belief in individual liberty and religious devotion were prominent the means not to have an abolitionist movement was impossible. The argument still stands that had the Norths and Souths social/cultural system had not diverged so differently come the turn of the nineteenth century; the war would have never taken place. Revisionists believe that the politics of the 1850's provided for the Civil War. This entailed bad political leaders and sectionalism. The argument of the revisionists elucidates the fact that the Civil War could have been avoided if slavery was confined through politics. Charles W. Ramsdell was quoted saying, Had this question of slavery in Western lands been settled there would have been no Civil War. Kornblith writes this particular article from the perspective of a revisionist. He believes the election of 1844 was a significant reason for the Civil War. He claimed, Had Clay beat Polk in 1844, Texas would have remained an independent republic and we wouldnt have gone to war a year later. If Clay won the election his Manifest Destiny would not have included Texas. Therefore, the issue of slavery would not ...

Factors Affecting Government Size

Factors Affecting Government Size An inclusive account of the enormous growth and transformation in the structure of government expenditure has eluded economists operating in public finance over time.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Factors Affecting Government Size specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This development is, partially, as a result of the extension of the voting franchise, which includes voters from the lesser tip of the income distribution. This paper scrutinizes this assertion by exploring how granting the poor the right to vote affects the size of government and the impact of decrease in real income on the same. The size of government is reliant on the â€Å"conventional demand for compulsion practiced under the majority rule, commonly supplied goods, provision of taxable exercises and the allocation of political power† (Tridimas Winer 2005, p.643). For instance, â€Å"the changes in tax that the Labour government has intro duced since 1997 have significantly redistributed income to the less well off† (Center for Economic Performance 2010; Sefton Hills 2009, p.13). Inequality would have been much higher otherwise. Democracy controls the demand for public expenditure by â€Å"giving the society a say† (Aidt et al. 2006, p. 250). Using money on social ventures such as â€Å"health and education is more constant than other spending types† (Aidt et al. 2006, p. 274). Therefore, spending on health and education should be the continuing product of the franchise expansion. Reinforcement of institutions to improve liability and transparency of those handling public finance will lessen â€Å"pressures to increase improper spending† (Akitoby et al. 2006, p.922). Ballot initiatives, in California, have â€Å"granted poor voters a direct say in public administration† (The Economist 2011, n. p.). However, they have made the government inferior, defending bits of expenditure, yet de clining to give taxes. A large progress in size of the regime exists due, in part, to the allowance of the voting permit, which adds â€Å"strained electors, mostly from the subordinate end of the revenue dissemination† (Meltzer Richard 1978, P. 113). The new moderate elector was poorer, found restructuring to be more profitable, and consequently chose larger regime.Advertising Looking for assessment on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their pragmatic inquiry, however, established other repercussions of their model for regime expenditure. Obviously, regimes do more than procedure welfare authorizations. They also offer services, such as â€Å"training, defense, public library and roads, which benefit all residents and result in this shift in the medium voter on the level of non- redistributive† (Shelton 2007, p. 2231). These services are affordable to the poorer people in the comm unity because the wealthy members of the public subsidize their intake. In Europe, the poor pay â€Å"almost no income taxes† (The Economist 2011, n. p.). Subsequently, as the voting permission expands to comprise lower-income persons, the lower price facing the new, poorer, average elector leads him or her to get away from isolated intake towards government amenities. This is consistent with Wagner’s law, since â€Å"both income inequity and political access influence social insurance† (Shelton 2007, p. 2236). Associating with this swap effect is an income consequence conversely in which the poor average elector demands scarcer regime services. Expenses on government amenities increase only if the resistance of substitution between government services and private goods surpasses the income elasticity for regime services or homogeneously, if the uncompensated price elasticity for regime services outdo the income elasticity. Most of these evaluations of the const raints from practical studies of the request for state and local services indicate that this condition is hard to realize, and the expected income elasticity typically â€Å"exceeds the expected price elasticity† (The Economist 2011, n. p.). Thus, the development of the elective permission cannot explain the evolution of spending on management amenities. In other words, as the franchisee extends to embrace more entities from the lowermost part of the income distribution, one expects disbursements on pure reallocation to rise. Unpredictable income and substitution effects for the establishment of non-redistributive expenses, nevertheless, cause the increase of the voting rights. Hence, the predictable income and price elasticity represent that allowing the poor to elect is not going to cause an upsurge, in spending on regime services.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Factors Affecting Government Size specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The experimental suggestion on the connection between changes in the elective permit and the growth in government expenses is somewhat unpredictable. In a superficial scrutiny of the data, Peltzman (1980) finds out that â€Å"the total regime expenses do not heave following enlargements of the elective permit in Great Britain† (p. 210). He clinches that the statistics is a much unsophisticated decree of linking between suffrage and the size of the regime, but it advocates that the major deviations in the size of the regime have diminutive effect on the postponement of the permit. Voter involvement in a school budget does not have a constant impact on the scholastic spending in the study of 58 long Island school districts (Husted 1997, p. 77). Murrell (1985) uses a somewhat slighter sample of OECD nations and finds a noteworthy association between â€Å"elector turnout and the portion of public engagement and the share of public service in total en gagement† (p.426). Despite the lack of arithmetic support and undeniably the insufficient evidence to the contrary, the expansion of the voting franchises is an imperative factor in the growth of regime over the last several centuries. Pure Redistribution Model In Meltzer Richard (1978) framework of pure redeployment, each person gets the same lump-sum imbursement â€Å"with taxes that are comparative to income sponsors† (p.117). Few hours run as the tax rate increase, and subsequently, there is a tax rate that capitalizes on tax revenue and the large expenses. Those per the last human capital do not work and prefer this tax rate. For this toil, the proffered tax rate falls as human capital rises until one acquires the average human capital. Those with at least middling human capital lose from their redistributive activity and thus prefer a zero tax degree. The tax degree is indomitable in this model by the median elector, and as the average voter moves down the commun ity’s income distribution, the preferred tax and redistributive expenses rise. Furthermore, in Meltzer Richard (1978 ) Stone-Geary utility requirement, â€Å"welfare expenses are likely to upsurge as mean revenue rises with the ratio of the critical elector’s income to mean income held persistent† (p.119).Advertising Looking for assessment on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This modest model of pure redeployment can be critiqued for relying on the conventions that do not precisely depict the prevailing tax/transfer suites. Transfer beneficiaries have revenue below the mean or average income echelons. Special Interest Group Model Welfare expenditure levels can be also explained by use of an interest group model founded on â€Å"the hypothetical model of Peltzman† (Husted 1997, p.68). According to the model, political leaders who are vote-maximizing weigh the votes obtained from the poor with those lost from added groups as elevated taxes are necessary for all the tax payers to gain substantial welfare. The mark of the income elasticity is indistinct in this framework. A government, which enfranchises another beneficiary population, lets the poor carry votes for positive legislation without gaining additional organizational charge. Median Voter Models based on Altruism or Social Insurance Furthermore, redistribution may be attained in a median vot er structure by supposing that altruism to the deprived entices the median elector, who does not receive welfare (or a distress over social turmoil or crime). The total poverty populace coverage and transfer benefit stages typically form altruism. In such chaste altruism frameworks, outlay on redistribution augments as the median voter’s income increases. Therefore, a drop in the income of the median voter should â€Å"decrease welfare costs because of enfranchising the deprived† (Hillman 2009, p. 87). Government Services Model Lovell employs definite utility functions in order to establish whether the height of government services favored by a community’s poorer residents is â€Å"larger than that favored by its richer population† (Husted 1997, p.62). As we descend a society’s income circulation, â€Å"the relative cost of government services PG (Mi/Mm) drops bringing about a switch toward extra regime services† (Husted 1997, p.68). In cont rast, the poorer residents are worse off and stress less service from the government. The poor require extra government services when the substitute subdues the income effect. This happens if the elasticity of substitution is larger than the income suppleness for the government amenities amid private consumption and government services. Equally, the poor require extra government services when the income elasticity is less than the uncompensated price flexibility for the regime amenities. Therefore, an increase of the voting franchise, which includes voters from the lower part of the income allocation, will outcome â€Å"a large use on government services just when price flexibility surpasses its income elasticity† (Durevall Henrekson 2011, p.718). The Political Model of Government Size Meltzer Richard (1978) explain a â€Å"tightfisted general symmetry model of regime size† (p.111). In this dogmatic economy, the decisive individual regulates the level of the regime a nd income redeployment subject to a comparative income tax. The model envisages that â€Å"growth in income inequality will upsurge the petition for government scope and redeployment in egalitarianism† (Husted 1997, 79). Hence, democracy rule shifts the size of a labor economy distinguished by the share of redistributed income. Electors realistically anticipate the enticement effects of taxation on the labor-leisure adoptions of their related citizens and â€Å"take conclusion into account when balloting† (Stewart 2010, p. 54). The share of received income reallocated depends on the elective rule and the circulation of efficiency in the economy. Under popular rule, the proportion tax share equilibrium is the budget, which pays for the electors’ choice. The main reasons for improved size of regime revealed by the model are postponements of the permit, which change the locus of the decisive elector in the income dissemination and changes, in comparative efficiency . An increase in loathsome income comparative to the income of the significant elector increases the size of regime. Conversely, a reduction in mean income comparative to the income of the significant elector decreases the size of regime. Latest hypothetical and experimental work puts forward that the liberality of welfare benefits and public goods provision are less in culturally and ethnically varied authorities. Frameworks that are specific to civic education propose a similar result. Regarding income, increasing income disparity may support a battle of the ends in opposition to the middle, â€Å"where European families with high income could avoid public services in favor of the private segment, and poorer income groups prefer much private expenditure and lesser taxes over investments in public services† (The Economist 2011, n.p.). Consequently, forces at the tips of the income allocation may decrease support for public services in economically varied residents. In diverg ence, rising income inequality may have unexpected effects on native public product establishment. In a simple elective model, rising remuneration difference decreases the tax price of public goods to the average voter at the top of the distribution, thereby motivating great spending on government amenities. Some of the possible negative concerns of rising social dissimilarity may be offset, by local regime’s capability, to raise extra funds from rising incomes at the top of the distribution. Conversely, the long-term expenses of such a transmission are perceptibly unrelated. In conclusion, the development of the voting franchise to contain poor residents is a reasonable elucidation for the expansion of government. A close assessment of the hypothesis helps to clarify why there is an insufficient support for the premise that increases the franchise outcomes in elevated total spending. An increase in loathsome income relative to the income of the significant voter increases th e size of regime. Conversely, a reduction in mean income relative to the income of the significant voter decreases the size of regime. There is strong backing for the estimation of social insurance, the interest group and pure redistribution models. Thus, the welfare costs increase as political control moves to a nation’s poor citizens from the richer citizens. 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